Upcoming Holiday Shopping Season Brings New Level of Cybercrime Threats to Online Retailers11/22/2020 
Upcoming Holiday Shopping Season Brings New Level of Cybercrime Threats to Online RetailersOnline shopping this holiday season is projected to be unprecedented, with many people staying at home and opting to shop online as a result of the COVID-19 mandatory lockdown or due to self-imposed lockdown. The expected online shopping surge creates a perfect stage for cybercrimes. Shift to Online ShoppingStatistics Canada reported that from February 2020 to May 2020, retail e-commerce sales soured by 99.3%. The record gain in e-commerce, however, resulted in a record decline in retail sales. Statistics Canada reported that for the same period, the total retail sales fell by 17.9%. The impact of COVID-19, Statistics Canada said, is best highlighted using the April 2020 data, with a 26.4% decline in retail sales compared to the April 2019 data. A survey conducted by Deloitte showed that 47% of Canadian consumers said they’ve been shopping online more often since the COVID-19 crisis began. The survey further showed that the same number of Canadian consumers (47%) will likely head online to find gifts and other items this holiday season, with the remaining 53% to head to traditional retails stores. While the number of those who intend to do their shopping in the traditional way is few points higher than those who intend to shop online this holiday season, this data is high enough as 69% of holiday shoppers shopped in the retails stores during the holiday season in 2019. “A lot has changed since the 2019 outlook,” Deloitte said. “COVID-19 has changed how Canadians live, work, and shop, and it has turbocharged the fundamental shifts in consumer behaviour that were already underway.” Imperva, meanwhile, reported that from March 1 to March 22, 2020, retail websites’ traffic worldwide soured by as much as 28% on a weekly average. Holiday Season Cybercrime ThreatsA new report from Imperva showed that the upcoming holiday shopping season will present online retailers with a new level of traffic, at the same time, never seen before level of cybercrime threats. According to Imperva, online retailers will face the following cybercrime threats this holiday season: Bad Bots AttacksAccording to Imperva, bad bots, as a group, is a top threat to online retailers, before and during the pandemic. A bad bot refers to a software application that runs automated tasks over the internet. As opposed to a good bot which runs automated tasks over the internet for legitimate purposes, the purpose of a bad bot is malicious. Bad bots interact with software applications in the same way as legitimate users would, making them indistinguishable from legitimate users. An example of a bad bot is a bot that interacts with a website’s login interface, attempting to “brute-force” its way by attempting to login using the trial and error method in guessing the correct username and password combination. Aside from brute-force attacks, bad bots are used for competitive data mining, personal and financial data harvesting, and more. API AttacksAccording to Imperva, API attacks are attractive targets due to the sensitive payment data they hold. The volume of attacks on retailers’ APIs far exceeded average levels this year, Imperva said. API, short for An Application Programming Interface, is a software intermediary that allows other software applications to communicate with one another. A website API, for instance, connects between applications such as databases. DDoS AttacksAccording to Imperva, retail sites experienced an average of eight application layer DDoS attacks a month, with a significant spike in April 2020 as lockdowns resulted in the demand for online shopping. DDoS, short for distributed denial of service, refers to a cyberattack that attempts to make an online service, such as a website, unavailable to legitimate users. DDoS uses bad bots. In DDoS attacks, bad bots are organized into a botnet – referring to hijacked computers that are controlled by attackers to conduct malicious activities such as DDoS attacks. Application layer DDoS, meanwhile, is a type of DDoS attack comprised of malicious requests with the end goal of crashing the web server. Client-Side AttacksAccording to Imperva, retail sites are vulnerable to client-side attacks as many of these sites are built on frameworks using a number of third-party code. Client-side refers to anything that’s displayed or takes place on the client – end user – using a browser. This includes what the user sees on the site’s online form. The attack on Ticketmaster is an example of a client-side attack. In June 2018, Ticketmaster made public that they had been compromised and that attackers stole customer information. RiskIQ, the company that discovered the attack, reported that Ticketmaster wasn’t directly compromised but the site’s third-party supplier known as Inbenta was. According to RiskIQ, attackers either added or replaced Inbenta’s code used for Ticketmaster with a malicious one. A client-side attack also directly compromises the website itself. Such was the case in the British Airways website client-side attack. The attack was discovered by RiskIQ. According to RiskIQ, a malicious code was found in British Airways’ baggage claim page where customers were required to enter their personally identifiable information. The malicious code then sent the information entered to a URL that looked like it belonged to British Airways. Upon closer inspection, however, the URL wasn’t owned by British Airways. It’s still unknown how the malicious code got into the British Airways’ site in the first place. Worried about your website or web application and looking to better protect it? Contact us today to see how to mitigate the risks quickly and efficiently.
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Increased Cybercrime Threat to Canadian Healthcare OrganizationsIn recent months, threat actors have launched cyberattacks against organizations in the healthcare sector, including those based in Canada, according to the latest report released by Microsoft. In the blog post "Cyberattacks targeting health care must stop," Tom Burt, Corporate Vice President for Customer Security and Trust at Microsoft, said that the targets include organizations in the health sector in Canada, France, India, South Korea and the United States. Burt identified three threat groups and gave these threat groups codename: Strontium, Zinc and Cerium. According to Burt, Strontium uses password spray and brute force login attempts to steal login credentials. “These are attacks [password spray and brute force login attempts] that aim to break into people’s accounts using thousands or millions of rapid attempts,” Burt said. Password spray refers to a cyberattack that uses a small number of common passwords to brute force large numbers of accounts. Brute force attack, meanwhile, refers to a cyberattack that uses the trial-and-error method in guessing the correct username and password combination. According to the Corporate Vice President for Customer Security and Trust at Microsoft, Zinc and Cerium use spear-phishing lures for credential theft. Spear-phishing is a cyberattack in which a threat actor, masquerading as a trusted individual or entity, tricks targeted individuals into clicking a bogus email, text message or instant message. In the case of the threat actor Zinc, the Corporate Vice President for Customer Security and Trust at Microsoft said the spear-phishing lures for credential theft, sending messages with fabricated job descriptions pretending to be recruiters, while threat actor Cerium engaged in spear-phishing email lures using Covid-19 themes while masquerading as World Health Organization representatives. Ransomware Attacks in the Healthcare SectorThe Canadian, Australian, the U.S. and UK Governments, meanwhile, issued separate alerts warning about the increased ransomware activity targeting the healthcare sector. Ransomware is a type of cyberattack that uses a malicious software (malware) that encrypts victims’ files, locking out victims of these files. In traditional ransomware attacks, attackers demand from the victims ransom in exchange for the keys that would unlock the encrypted files. Modern-day ransomware attackers not just demand ransom to unlock the encrypted files, they also demand ransom in exchange for not publishing the stolen files gathered during the ransomware attack. In September of this year, the University Hospital Düsseldorf in Germany reported a ransomware attack. The attack rendered 30 servers used by the hospital inoperable, forcing the hospital to turn away patients even those with life-threatening conditions. According to German authorities, a patient with a life-threatening condition was turned away and sent to another hospital some 20 miles away and died as a result of the treatment delay. This is the first reported death as a result of a cyberattack. Threat Actors Tool EvolutionThe Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) issued the alert “Ransomware Activity Targeting the Healthcare and Public Health Sector,” warning that threat actors targeting the U.S. healthcare sector use the malware called “BazarLoader,” often leading to ransomware attacks, data theft, and the disruption of healthcare services. In a recent alert “Renewed Cyber Threats to Canadian Health Organizations,” the Canadian Centre for Cyber Security (Cyber Centre) said threat actors targeting the Canadian healthcare sector have been observed using the BazarLoader malware for initial compromise on victims’ networks for the eventual deployment of the ransomware called “Conti,” believed to be the successor of Ryuk ransomware. The Cyber Centre said that the BazarLoader malware is typically deployed via a phishing email. Phishing, in general, doesn’t have a particular target as its aim is to victimize whoever takes the bait. Opposite to phishing is spear-phishing which targets certain individuals or organizations. The BazarLoader malware, the Canadian Centre for Cyber Security said, provides a backdoor through which additional malware is introduced to the victim’s network. Once inside the victim’s network, the Cyber Centre said, the malware called “Anchor” is used to maintain a presence on the network. Anchor is comprised of a framework of tools that allows the covert uploading of malicious tools, and, once done, to remove any evidence of malicious activity. The Australian Cyber Security Centre, meanwhile, issued its own alert "SDBBot Targeting Health Sector," warning that it has observed increased targeting activity against the Australian health sector by threat actors using the SDBBot Remote Access Tool for the eventual deployment of ransomware called “Clop.” SDBBot has three components: 1) an installer that allows threat actors to establish persistence on the victim’s network; 2) a loader that downloads additional components; and 3) the remote access tool itself allows threat actors full control of compromised computers, remotely. Once inside the victims’ networks, threat actors also use SDBBot to move within the victims’ networks and steal data. Cybersecurity Best PracticesBelow are some of the cybersecurity best practices to mitigate the risks:
Is your organization at risk? Let us help you evaluate your controls quickly and efficiently. Email us today at security@drizgroup.com and sleep better at night knowing that your business is well protected against cybercriminals. 
Canadian Centre for Cyber Security Warns About the Continued Exploitation of Multiple VulnerabilitiesThe Government of Canada, through the Canadian Centre for Cyber Security, has warned that threat actors are exploiting multiple known vulnerabilities present in information systems in Canada. According to the Canadian Centre for Cyber Security (Cyber Centre), as information systems and the networks linking them are critical components in today’s interconnected world and relied upon by governments, small businesses and individuals worldwide, the need to secure them is of utmost importance. The Cyber Centre’s warning is similar to the U.S. Government’s warning, through the National Security Agency (NSA), that threat actors are targeting U.S. information systems such as unpatched remote access services, security appliances and application servers. "The Cyber Centre continues to receive reports of persistent exploitation of known vulnerabilities," the Cyber Centre said. “While manufacturers work hard to provide updates for vulnerabilities, these updates are not always applied in a timely manner by consumers.” Target VulnerabilitiesAmong the vulnerabilities that are being actively exploited by threat actors according to the Cyber Centre and NSA are the following: Microsoft Netlogon Elevation of Privilege VulnerabilityThis vulnerability, designated as CVE-2020-1472 and commonly known as ZeroLogon, is described by Microsoft as an elevation of privilege vulnerability that exists when an attacker establishes a vulnerable Netlogon secure channel connection to a domain controller using the Netlogon Remote Protocol (MS-NRPC) – Microsoft Windows’ core authentication component of Active Directory that provides authentication for user and computer accounts. “By simply sending a number of Netlogon messages in which various fields are filled with zeroes, an attacker can change the computer password of the domain controller that is stored in the AD [Active Directory],” Tom Tervoort, Senior Security Specialist at Secura and the one who discovered the Netlogon vulnerability, said in the whitepaper “ZeroLogon: Unauthenticated domain controller compromise by subverting Netlogon cryptography (CVE-2020-1472).” “It basically allows any attacker on the local network (such as a malicious insider or someone who simply plugged in a device to an on-premise network port) to completely compromise the Windows domain.” Remote Code Execution Vulnerability Affecting Citrix Application Delivery Controller (ADC)ADC is described by Citrix as a networking appliance whose function is to “improve the performance, security and resiliency of applications delivered over the web.” Designated as CVE-2019-19781, this security vulnerability in Citrix ADC, if exploited, could allow an unauthenticated attacker to perform remote code execution – the ability of an attacker to access or make changes to another computer, regardless of where the attacker’s computer is geographically located. In July of this year, the Canadian Centre for Cyber Security reported that several computer networks in Canada were compromised and, in each case, a threat actor was able to compromise infrastructure exposed to the internet because the software running on an exposed server wasn’t patched to the latest version or properly secured via two-factor authentication. According to the Cyber Centre, prior to the successful compromise of vulnerable and improperly secured servers and network access devices, intensive reconnaissance-style scanning of target networks is often conducted by malicious actors. In some cases, malicious software (malware) was installed and compromised infrastructure may have been used in attempts to compromise other networks and/or other organizations. Cybersecurity Best PracticesWhile it’s important to keep all software and firmware up to date, this alone isn’t the whole solution in keeping your organization safe from attackers. Rare Cases of Multiple PatchesMicrosoft is addressing the CVE-2020-1472 vulnerability via a two-part patch rollout. The first patch was released on August 11, 2020 and the last patch will be released in the first quarter of 2021. What should be done before the arrival of the second part of the patch? Aside from applying the August 11th patch, according to Microsoft, the following steps should be taken:
False Sense of SecurityIt’s important to note that patching alone doesn’t fix a successful network compromise conducted via vulnerability exploitation. For instance, applying the patch for CVE-2019-19781 vulnerability, released by Citrix in January 2020, isn’t enough to fix a network compromised via CVE-2019-19781 exploitation. In July 2020, Fox-IT reported that back in January 2020, just a few days after the release of the CVE-2019-19781 patch, a total of 1,030 compromised servers were identified, including those owned by Governmental organizations and Fortune 500 companies. “However, of perhaps more concern was that, of these compromised devices, 54% had been patched against CVE-2019-19781, thus providing their administrators with a false sense of security,” Fox-IT said. “This is because although the devices were indeed patched, any backdoor installed by an attacker prior to this would not have been removed by simply installing the vendor’s patch.” CVE-2019-19781 also showcased how attackers compete to remain in the networks that they’ve compromised, also known as "hacker turf war." Some threat actors applied the CVE-2019-19781 patch themselves to block other threat actors in what is known as “adversary patching.” If for some reason your organization has failed to apply a critical patch in a timely manner, expect that credentials, accounts and software have been changed prior to the application of the patch and expect that patching won't alleviate the situation. 
Shift to Remote Workforce: The Need for Remote IT SupportMore than half a year into the pandemic, many have come to accept that office life as we know it is unlikely to come back – at least not for the foreseeable future. As of September 2020, Statistics Canada reported that a large number of Canadians continued to adapt to COVID-19 by working remotely, with over twice as many people working from home (4.2 million) than those who usually do so (1.9 million). The work from home set-up, however, has opened up cybersecurity challenges that never existed with the office-based workforce, which, in turn, calls for remote IT support. Cybersecurity Challenges with a Remote WorkforceHere are some of the cybersecurity challenges faced by organizations with remote workforce:
Patching refers to the application of a security update that fixes security vulnerabilities. In the past, when people still used to work in the office, patching is easily done by walking into the office and patch computers that need patching. With a remote workforce, workers are no longer in the office but working at home. Patching workers’ computers, especially whenthey’re using their personal computers is a challenge. Timely patching is important as threat actors are quick in exploitingunpatched computers. Microsoft, for instance, recently warned that threat actors are actively attempting to exploit the security vulnerability in Windows Server operating systems designated as CVE-2020-1472 and commonly called “Zerologon”. Microsoft reported that even as the company had released a patch for Zerologon last August 11th, a surge of Zerologon exploitation has been observed since September 13th, following the publication of several proof-of-concept tools that exploit the Zerologon vulnerability. CVE-2020-1472 is a security vulnerability that essentially turns an attacker into an IT administrator, allowing the attacker to change the computer password of Windows Server operating systems with the Active Directory domain controller role. Active Directory is Microsoft’s proprietary directory service that gives IT administrators the capacity to authenticate computers within a network. According to Microsoft, prior to exploiting the Zerologon vulnerability, one attacker was observed exploiting the CVE-2019-0604 vulnerability in SharePoint to initially access Windows Server operating systems. Microsoft described this vulnerability as a remote code execution vulnerability that exists in Microsoft SharePoint when the software fails to “check the source markup of an application package”. An attacker who successfully exploits this vulnerability, Microsoft said, could run arbitrary code in the context of the SharePoint application pool and the SharePoint server farm account. According to the Canadian Centre for Cyber Security, Canadian organizations are being exploited via unpatched devices and inadequate authentication. “In each case, a threat actor was able to compromise infrastructure exposed to the internet because it was not properly secured via 2FA and/or because software running on an exposed server was not patched to the latest version,” the Canadian Centre for Cyber Security said.
The work from home model forces many organizations to allow remote workers to remotely access network resources, opening up a plethora of cybersecurity vulnerabilities. Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP)One of the weakest links in allowing remote workers to access corporate networks is by exposing Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) to the internet. RDP is a proprietary protocol developed by Microsoft that allows a Windows user to connect to Windows workstations or server over the internet. Kaspersky Lab reported that since the start of the global pandemic in March of this year, brute force attacks against RDP has rocketed across almost the entire planet. Brute force attack uses the trial-and-error method in which an attacker uses as many username and password combinations in the hope of guessing the correct one. “The lockdown has seen the appearance of a great many computers and servers able to be connected remotely, and right now we are witnessing an increase in cybercriminal activity with a view to exploiting the situation to attack corporate resources that have now been made available (sometimes in a hurry) to remote workers,” Kaspersky Lab said. “Attackers target RDP servers that use weak passwords and are without multi-factor authentication, virtual private networks (VPNs), and other security protections,” Microsoft said. “Through RDP brute force, threat actor groups can gain access to target machines and conduct many follow-on activities like ransomware and coin mining operations.” Virtual Private Network (VPN)The use of Virtual Private Network (VPN) is one of the measures in securing RDP. This too has been the subject of attacks by threat actors. In August of this year, the Canadian Centre for Cyber Security issued an alert warning organizations of the active exploitation of the vulnerabilities in the VPN products of Fortinet, Palo Alto and Pulse Secure. The software vendors of these VPN products have all issued a corresponding patch prior to the issuance of the security alert of the Canadian Centre for Cyber Security. Role of Remote IT SupportAs the world moves towards a remote workforce, it’s not surprising that IT support is now being done remotely as well. The recent exploitations of CVE-2020-1472, CVE-2019-0604 and VPN products highlight the importance of timely patching. A remote IT support can assist your organization in patch management, including planning and prioritizing software and firmware updates within a network. If not properly planned, a patch can cause extended downtime, resulting in revenue loss. A remote IT support can also assist your organization in using network perimeter security devices such as Firewalls and remote access gateways for remote workers and remote IT administrators. 
Mozi Botnet Accounts for 90% of Traffic to and from IoT Devices, IBM Report ShowsResearchers at IBM recently reported that 90% of traffic to and from all internet of things (IoT) devices comes from the botnet called “Mozi”. What Is a Botnet?A botnet, also known as “zombie army”, is a group of hijacked computers, including IoT devices. These hijacked computers are each infected with malicious software (malware) for the purpose of controlling these computers from a remote location without the knowledge of the owners of the hijacked computers. Threat actors have used these hijacked computers for malicious activities such as distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. In a DDoS attack, the traffic from hijacked computers are directed towards a target, for instance, a website, overwhelming the target with traffic, rendering it inaccessible to legitimate users. A malicious actor, for example, sent a DDoS ransom note, taunting a target that their "Botnet army" is ready to take down the target's website and that the target has 48 hours to pay the ransom. What Is Mozi Botnet?Researchers at 360 Netlab first reported about the Mozi botnet. According to the researchers, they first observed Mozi in the wild in September 2019. In the recent report released by researchers at IBM, the researchers said that Mozi accounted for nearly 90% of the observed IoT network traffic from October 2019 to June 2020. They added that the overall combined IoT attack instances from October 2019 to June 2020 increased by 400% compared to the combined IoT attack instances for the previous two years. This massive traffic from Mozi, the researchers at IBM suggested, that this botnet didn’t remove competitors from the market, but rather flooded the market and dwarfing other botnets. The hijacking of IoT devices to form part of the Mozi botnet, the researchers said, could be due in part to the ever-expanding IoT landscape. According to IBM researchers, there are nearly 31 billion IoT devices deployed around the world, with IoT deployment rate now stands at 127 devices per second. IoT devices include consumer IoT (security cameras and lighting control); commercial IoT (internet-connected pacemakers and vehicle trackers); enterprise IoT (projectors, routers and security systems); industrial IoT (production line automation systems and aircraft systems); infrastructure IoT (traffic control devices and utility monitoring devices), Internet of Military Things (wearable combat biometrics devices, robots and surveillance equipment). Researchers from 360 Netlab and IBM reported that Mozi is capable of conducting these malicious activities: conduct DDoS attack (HTTP, TCP, UDP), carry out command execution attack, download malicious payload from specified URL and execute it, and gather bot information. Devices affected by Mozi include Netgear, D-Link and Huawei routers. How Mozi Hijacks IoT Devices to Form Part of Its Botnet?According to IBM researchers, nearly all of the initial entry to these Mozi-hijacked devices was done through command injection (CMDi) attacks. “Command injection is an attack in which the goal is execution of arbitrary commands on the host operating system via a vulnerable application,” Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) defines CMDi. “Command injection attacks are possible when an application passes unsafe user supplied data (forms, cookies, HTTP headers etc.) to a system shell. In this attack, the attacker-supplied operating system commands are usually executed with the privileges of the vulnerable application. Command injection attacks are possible largely due to insufficient input validation. In Command Injection, the attacker extends the default functionality of the application, which execute system commands, without the necessity of injecting code.” Researchers at IBM said CMDi attacks are extremely popular against IoT devices for the following reasons: First, IoT embedded systems commonly contain a web interface and a debugging interface left over from firmware development that can be exploited. Second, PHP modules that are built into IoT web interfaces can be exploited, giving threat actors remote execution capability. Third, IoT interfaces are often left vulnerable when deployed as administrators “fail to harden the interfaces by sanitizing expected remote input”. This failure, the researchers said, allows threat actors to input shell commands. Fourth, new vulnerabilities require constant updating and slow patch implementation can be exploited. Fifth, CMDi attacks can easily be automated, allowing threat actors to hijack a large number of IoT devices quickly at low cost. Sixth, IBM researchers suggested that Mozi continues to be successful largely through the use of CMDi attacks as corporate networks are being accessed remotely more often due to COVID-19. Israel-based cybersecurity firm JSOF earlier reported that vulnerabilities in Treck TCP/IP stack put hundreds of millions of IoT and embedded devices at risk. Developed 20 years ago, Treck TCP/IP stack is a piece of software that serves as a basic building block for IoT or embedded device that works over a network. Out of the 19 security vulnerabilities discovered on Treck TCP/IP, 4 are rated critical remote code execution vulnerabilities. In remote code execution, a threat actor from any geographical location could run malicious programs on the target device. Cybersecurity Best PracticesHere are some cybersecurity best practices in preventing your organization’s IoT devices from being hijacked and made part of a botnet: keep all firmware up to date and retire devices that no longer receive security updates. Using outdated IoT devices or those that no longer receive security updates leave these devices vulnerable to hijacking and being made part of a botnet for malicious activities such as DDoS attacks. On the flip side, with the proliferation of hijacked IoT devices, it’s important to protect your organization from DDoS attacks. 
Bugs in Treck TCP/IP Stack Put Hundreds of Millions of IoT and Embedded Devices At RiskNineteen vulnerabilities in a piece of software called “Treck TCP/IP Stack” have recently been discovered. This piece of software is present in hundreds of millions of IoT and embedded devices, putting these devices and connected devices at risk. The 19 vulnerabilities in Treck TCP/IP stack is collective called “Ripple20”, giving emphasis on the word “ripple”, as the ripple effect of these vulnerabilities has grown exponentially due to the supply chain factor. Out of the 19 vulnerabilities discovered, 2 were disclosed anonymously and 17 were disclosed by Israel-based cybersecurity firm JSOF. “A single vulnerable component, though it may be relatively small in and of itself, can ripple outward to impact a wide range of industries, applications, companies, and people,” JSOF said in the report "19 Zero-Day Vulnerabilities Amplified by the Supply Chain". “Ripple20 reached critical IoT devices from a wide range of fields, involving a diverse group of vendors.” Tracing the Supply ChainTCP/IP stack was developed 20 years ago by the firm called “Treck”. This piece of software serves as a basic networking element or a building block, useful in any context for any IoT or embedded device that works over a network. According to JSOF, over the past two decades, Treck TCP/IP has been spreading around the world, through both direct and indirect use. JSOF reported that in the 1990s, Treck collaborated with a Japanese company named Elmic Systems. The two later went their separate ways, resulting in two separate branches of the TCP/IP stack devices, one managed by Treck and the other one managed by Elmic Systems. Other than ELMIC, the Treck TCP/IP stack is also known by other names such as Net+ OS, Quadnet, GHNET v2, and Kwiknet. Printers, routers, infusion pumps in the medical sector, and industrial controls are some of the devices affected by these vulnerabilities. Affected device vendors as a result of the 19 vulnerabilities discovered in Treck TCP/IP include HP, Schneider Electric, Intel, Rockwell Automation, Caterpillar, and Baxter. JSOF estimates that the discovered 19 vulnerabilities affect hundreds of millions or more devices. Security Vulnerabilities in Treck TCP/IPOut of the 19 security vulnerabilities discovered on Treck TCP/IP, 4 are rated critical remote code execution vulnerabilities with CVSS ≥ 9; 4 are major with a CVSS ≥ 7; and 11 more have various lower severity. CVSS, short for Common Vulnerability Scoring System, is the industry standard for assessing the severity of computer system security vulnerabilities, most critical of which is rated 10. Security vulnerabilities designated as CVE-2020-11896, CVE-2020-11898, and CVE-2020-11901 are some of the notable out of the 19 vulnerabilities. CVE-2020-11896 is a critical vulnerability in Treck TCP/IP stack. This vulnerability allows for remote code execution by any attacker that can send UDP packets to an open port on the target device. Remote code execution allows attackers from any geographical location to run programs on the target device. CVE-2020-11898 is a security vulnerability in Treck TCP/IP stack that improperly handles an IPv4/ICMPv4 Length Parameter Inconsistency, which allows remote attackers to trigger an information leak. JSOF researchers tested the CVE-2020-11896 and CVE-2020-11898 vulnerabilities on Digi Connect ME 9210 – a device that’s embeddable and is used in medical devices. Digi Connect can be purchased from any of the large electronic-parts resellers, amplifying these vulnerabilities as any device embedded also becomes vulnerable. Among the 19 security vulnerabilities in Treck TCP/IP stack, the most severe is CVE-2020-11901, receiving a CVSS score of 9.1. This vulnerability is a collection of vulnerabilities for several critical client-side vulnerabilities in the DNS resolver of the Treck TCP/IP stack. If successfully exploited, this vulnerability allows pre-authentication arbitrary remote code execution. This vulnerability is of particular interest because a sophisticated attacker, such as a nation state “can potentially reply to a DNS request from outside of the corporate network, thus breaking network segmentation,” researchers at JSOF said. JSOF researchers tested the CVE-2020-11901 vulnerability on a Schneider Electric UPS device model APC Smart-UPS 750 (SMT750I/ID18/230V). UPS, short for Uninterruptible Power Supply, is a device designed for use in enterprise networks, data centers, and mission-critical systems. It’s used as an embedded battery to ensure that devices connected to it won’t suffer from power outages or fluctuations. Remotely exploiting UPS device can, therefore, have disastrous consequences. Preventive and Mitigating MeasuresHere some cybersecurity measures in preventing or mitigating the effects of the 19 vulnerabilities discovered in Treck TCP/IP stack: Keep all Firmware and Software Up to DateSome vendors of the products affected by the 19 vulnerabilities discovered in Treck TCP/IP stack, such as Aruba Networks, Digi International, HP, Intel, Teradici, Xerox have issued a corresponding patch or security update fixing the said vulnerabilities. Retire Devices that No Longer Receive Security Updates“The Treck stack has been around for more than 20 years,” JSOF researchers said. “Possibly the vulnerabilities too.” Due to the length of time, some of the IoT and embedded devices affected by the vulnerabilities discovered in Treck TCP/IP stack may no longer receive security updates. Continuous use of vulnerable devices puts your organization’s network at risk of cyberattacks. Devices which no longer receive security updates, and which have served their purpose for years should no longer be used. Luckily, some of these devices are inexpensive, as such, it’s much cheaper to replace them with the latest versions as opposed to using outdated devices which only put your organization’s network at risk. 
Rise of Phishing and DDoS Attacks in the Education SectorCOVID-19 resulted in the temporary shutdown of schools and universities across the world. This has given rise to online classes, whereby classes are conducted remotely and on digital platforms. As schools and universities across the world reopen, many opt for mixed physical and online classes, while some still opting for purely online classes. The shift to online classes, however, has opened a window for malicious actors to exploit. The shift to online classes gives rise to phishing attacks and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks directed against the education sector. Phishing CampaignsPhishing is one of the oldest and popular forms of cybercrimes. In a phishing campaign, intended victims, whether targeted or random individuals, are tricked into clicking something leading to the stealing of data or the downloading of malicious software (malware). Microsoft Security Intelligence has found that as of September 7, 2020, out of the nearly 8.7 million malware encounters reported in the last 30 days, 59.84% came from the education sector, making it the most affected sector. In the report “Digital Education: The cyberrisks of the online classroom”, Kaspersky Lab said that attackers lure victims in downloading malware by bundling fake versions of popular video meeting apps and online course platforms as legitimate application installers. Victims encounter these fake video meeting apps and online course platform installers through phishing websites – referring to sites designed to look like legitimate websites supposedly for downloading popular video meeting apps and online course platform app installers. Another way by which victims encounter these fake video meeting apps and online course platform installers is through phishing emails that masquerade as special offers or notifications. Downloading of the fake video meeting apps and online course platform installers either from phishing websites or phishing emails could lead to the installation and running of malicious software on the victim’s computer or stealing of sensitive data. In April of this year, researchers at Check Point reported that in just a span of 3 weeks, nearly 2,500 new websites relating to the video conferencing app Zoom were registered. Out of these 2,500 new Zoom-related websites, 1.5% of these websites were found as malicious and the other 13% were found as suspicious. The researchers added that cybercriminals impersonated other video conferencing apps such as Microsoft Teams and Google Meet. Researchers at Check Point reported that victims fell prey to phishing emails that came with the subject “You have been added to a team in Microsoft Teams“. The phishing emails contained a malicious website URL, which on the first glance looks similar to the legitimate Microsoft Teams URL. A double-check, however, of this URL shows that this URL is a fake one and victims who landed on this fake Microsoft Team site ended up downloading a malware. Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) AttacksIn a DDoS attack, a botnet – referring to a network of computers infected with self-propagating malware – is used by an attacker in overwhelming the target or its surrounding infrastructure with a flood of internet traffic. According to Kaspersky Lab, between January 2020 and June 2020, the number of DDoS attacks affecting the education sector increased by at least 350% when compared to the corresponding month in 2019. Authorities recently arrested a 16-year-old in connection with a series of DDoS attacks on Miami-Dade County Public Schools that disrupted the district's first week of online classes. The teenager admitted to launching the DDoS attacks using Low Orbit Ion Cannon (LOIC). LOIC is a decade-old application developed originally used for network stress testing. Since becoming an open-source application it has been used for malicious activities such as DDoS attacks. A successful DDoS attack using LOIC floods a target server with TCP, UDP, or HTTP packets with the goal of disrupting service. A DDoS attack via LOIC uses IRC chat channels to run a “Hivemind” version of the LOIC. This allows a primary user of the IRC chat to control secondary computers, creating a botnet – referring to a network of computers controlled by the primary user for malicious activities such as DDoS. LOIC was used in the past to launch DDoS attacks against Visa and MasterCard websites in response to the freezing of payments to WikiLeaks. The thing about using LOIC in launching DDoS attacks is that attackers are unable to hide their IP addresses, making it easy for authorities to track them down. Due to this IP address visibility, authorities in many countries have taken legal actions against DDoS attackers leveraging LOIC. Preventive and Mitigating Measures Against Phishing and DDoS AttacksTo stay safe from phishing attacks, be wary of clicking anything online as these could lead you to phishing sites. Also double-check URLs as a difference in one letter or character could lead you to a malicious site. To stay safe against DDoS attacks, including DDoS attacks leveraging LOIC, use WAF, short for Web Application Firewall. WAF specifically provides strong protection against HTTP floods. As protection against TCP and UDP, use a dedicated DDoS protection. 
DDoS Extortions ReturnOver the past few weeks, a group of cybercriminals has launched distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks targeting companies in the finance and retail sectors and demanding ransom payment for the attacks to stop. In the blog post "Ransom Demands Return: New DDoS Extortion Threats From Old Actors Targeting Finance and Retail", Akamai reported that over the past few weeks, a series of DDoS attacks from the so-called "Armada Collective" and "Fancy Bear" actors have targeted businesses across multiple sectors, including finance and retail, and these DDoS attacks come with extortion demands. Some of the attacks peaked at almost 200 gigabyte per second (GB/s), Akamai said. ZDNet likewise reported that in the past weeks, a criminal group that goes with the names "Armada Collective" and "Fancy Bear" has launched DDoS attacks against some of the biggest financial service providers and demanded payments in the form of the cryptocurrency bitcoin as extortion fees to stop the DDoS attacks. Incidentally, a few days ago, the operations of the New Zealand stock exchange were disrupted as a result of a DDoS attack. Other than the comment that the attack came from overseas, authorities in New Zealand won't comment on whether or not the DDoS attack also involved a ransom demand. Evolution of DDoS ExtortionsDDoS extortion is nothing new. This type of extortion has been around in the last few years. The recent DDoS extortions, however, differ with the older DDoS extortions in terms of methods and severity. The recent DDoS extortion campaign described by Akamai and ZDNet resembled that the type of DDoS extortion campaign described in the alert entitled "DDoS extortion campaign targeting financial sector" released on November 1, 2019 by the Computer Emergency Response Team New Zealand (CERT NZ). According to CERT NZ, it received reports relating to a DDoS extortion campaign targeting companies within the financial sector in New Zealand. This extortion campaign had also been observed in other countries, CERT NZ said. As described by CERT NZ, the DDoS extortion campaign followed these steps: First, the target company receives an email stating “We are the Fancy Bear and we have chosen [Company Name] as a target for our next DDoS attack.” In the email, the attackers give the target company a deadline when the major DDoS will happen and demand from the target ransom to prevent the said major DDoS attack. Second, to threaten the target that the major DDoS attack is coming, a minor DDoS is launched against an IP address belonging to the company's network. These demo attacks generally last for 30 minutes. In the DDoS extortion campaign observed by Akamai, the targets were warned that going public about the extortion demand will result in the immediate major DDoS attack. The extortion demand also threatens the targets that the major attack will make websites and other connected services "unavailable for everyone" and will harm the target's reputation. While past DDoS extortion campaigns targeted the victims' websites, the recent extortion campaign described by CERT NZ, Akamai and ZDNet targeted the victims' backend infrastructure, resulting in prolonged and severe outages. An example of a backend infrastructure is the DDoS attack on the target's web hosting provider resulting in the outages of the ultimate target's website. In the case of the attack of the New Zealand stock exchange, the stock exchange's web hosting provider Spark was targeted in a series of DDoS attacks, resulting in the outages at the New Zealand stock exchange as well as downtime of the websites of Spark's other customers. Reflective DDoS TechniquesIn the November 2019 alert, the CERT NZ said that the so-called Fancy Bear threat group overwhelms the target using a variety of reflective DDoS techniques, with targets including services using the following protocols:
A reflective DDoS technique is a DDoS attack that depends on publicly accessible UDP servers to overwhelm a victim’s system with UDP traffic. UDP, short for User Datagram Protocol, is an internet communication protocol for time-sensitive transmissions such as video chat. UDP is designed not to validate source Internet Protocol (IP) addresses for the protocol to operate very quickly. This, however, creates an exploitation opportunity for attackers. In general, in a reflective DDoS attack, an attacker who’s capable to spoof IP addresses sends fake requests to a vulnerable UDP server. The UDP server, not knowing the request is fake, prepares the response. These UDP responses are delivered to an unsuspecting target, overwhelming the target’s resources such as the network itself. Best Practices Against DDoS ExtortionsIt’s recommended not to pay ransom to DDoS extortionists. Ransom payment only encourages extortionists to attack your organization again. Like any other types of DDoS attacks, in DDoS attacks using reflective techniques, two groups are exploited by the attackers: the ultimate target and vulnerable computers, in this case, vulnerable UDP servers. In order to prevent your organization’s computers from being used for reflective DDoS attacks, it’s best to stop using UDP when not needed. If UDP is needed, configure it to always respond with smaller packet size. It’s also important to use a Firewall. To protect your organization from being the ultimate target of a reflective DDoS attack, it’s best to work with your trusted cybersecurity service provider and use a DDoS protection service to prevent the DDoS traffic from reaching your organization’s systems. The Driz Group specialized in DDoS protection and can mitigate the DDoS attack in just a few minutes. Don’t pay ransom and protect your website and web applications today by calling us at 1.888.900.DRIZ (3749) or email us at security@drizgroup.com 
Cybersecurity Threat Spotlight: Malicious BotsThe recent hacking incident affecting thousands of Canadian Government accounts highlights the growing threat of malicious bots. Hacking of Thousands of Canadian Government AccountsThe Government of Canada, through the Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat, last August 15th issued a statement stating that an unidentified attacker or attackers targeted the Canadian Government's GCKey system. This system is used by 30 Canadian federal departments as a single sign-on (SSO) system for the public to access government services, such as social services including access to Covid-19 relief programs. The GCKey system is also a means to access the Canadian Revenue Agency (CRA) accounts. According to the Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat, out of the approximately 12 million active GCKey accounts in Canada, the passwords and usernames of 9,041 users were acquired fraudulently and used to access government services. Of the total number of accounts fraudulently accessed by the attackers, approximately 5,500 CRA accounts were fraudulently accessed. This prompted authorities to shut down the CRA web portal. To date, the web portal is up and running. In the August 15th statement, the Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat attributed the hacking incident to the cyberattack called "credential stuffing". In credential stuffing, usernames and passwords stolen from past unrelated data breaches are used to login to victims’ accounts on the assumption that people typically reused usernames and passwords across multiple online accounts. Tests conducted by BleepingComputer showed that accessing the Canadian departments' web portals, such as CRA, multi-factor authentication and security CAPTCHA (short for Completely Automated Public Turing Test To Tell Computers and Humans Apart in use) aren't enabled in the workflow. "When signing-in from a new computer, the user would be asked a security question (e.g. pet's name), however, there is no mechanism prompting the user for a 2FA code, for example, to be sent via a text message (SMS)," BleepingComputer said. CNN, meanwhile, reported that Canadian officials disclosed that at one point, they detected as many as 300,000 malicious attempts to access accounts on at least 24 government web portals. In a press conference held days after the issuance of the August 15th statement of the Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat, Marc Brouillard, acting Chief Technology Officer for the Secretariat said that at one point, the CRA portal was directly targeted with a large amount of traffic using a "botnet to attempt to attack the services through credential stuffing". Brouillard added that the attackers were able to bypass the CRA security questions and fraudulently access CRA accounts by exploiting a vulnerability in the configuration of security software solutions that the Government of Canada used. The acting Chief Technology Officer for the Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat said that this security vulnerability has since been fixed by applying the latest security update. Malicious BotsCredential stuffing attacks and exploitation of known security vulnerabilities are executed through the use of malicious bots. The word "bots" originates from the word " internet robots". Bots are software programs created for the purpose of automating repetitive tasks. The repetitive task, for instance, of indexing new webpages had been taken over by bots. For its search engine, Google uses the bot known as "Googlebot" to crawl the internet to index new webpages. Googlebot is one example of a non-malicious bot. Threat actors, on the other hand, use bots in conducting malicious activities such as credential stuffing attacks, exploitation of known security vulnerabilities, and other cyberattacks such as distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. Malicious bots start with one " bad bot". This bad bot is used by a cybercriminal to hijack a computer. This hijacked computer is referred to as a "zombie" computer. Over a period of time, a cybercriminal could hijack thousands to millions of computers to create a network of zombie computers. These zombie computers, collectively called as "botnet", are then used to launch a large-scale malicious attack. Necurs is an example of a botnet that wreaked havoc globally for years. This botnet was first observed in the wild in 2012. In March 2020, Microsoft said that along with partners across 35 countries, they took coordinated legal and technical steps to disrupt the operation of Necurs. According to Microsoft, during the span of 8 years, the group behind Necurs, hijacked more than 9 million computers globally to form part of its botnet. During a 58-day period, Microsoft observed one Necurs-hijacked computer sent a total of 3.8 million spam emails to over 40.6 million potential victims. Aside from sending spam emails, botnet can be used to amass a large list of usernames and passwords used for credential stuffing attacks and can be used to automatically scan websites for software vulnerabilities. Cybersecurity Best Practices Against Malicious BotsMalicious bots threaten both the target as well as the zombie computers used as part of the botnet. In the hacking incident affecting thousands of Canadian Government accounts, compromised accounts are at risk as attackers can change bank account details and siphon money out of the victims' accounts. Being part of a botnet, on the other hand, will slow down and hasten the wear and tear process of hijacked computers. Some of the best practices in preventing your organization's computers (including IoT devices) from being hijacked as part of a botnet include changing default login details and keeping all software up to date. To prevent the exploitation of known security vulnerabilities, it's important to keep all of your organization's software up to date. Here are some of the best practices in preventing or minimizing the effects of credential stuffing attacks:
What Is Consent Phishing and How to Prevent Such AttackSANS Institute, the largest provider of cybersecurity training and certification to professionals, recently admitted that it fell victim to consent phishing attack, leading to the theft of 28,000 records of personally identifiable information. This recent successful consent phishing attack on SANS Institute highlights the growth of this type of cyberattack. What Is Consent Phishing?Consent phishing is a type of cyberattack that tricks victims into getting their permission via a malicious app to access legitimate cloud services such as Microsoft 365, formerly known as Office 365. In a conventional phishing attack, an attacker attempts to obtain sensitive information or data by disguising oneself as a trustworthy individual or entity. The traditional way of launching a phishing attack is via email. In leveraging an email for a conventional phishing attack, an attacker sends a malicious email to the target. This email masquerades as coming from a trusted individual or entity. Clicking on the link or attachment provided in the phishing email could lead to the installation and running of a malicious software (malware) on the email receiver's computer. According to SANS Institute, the consent phishing attack was discovered last August 6th as part of a systematic review of email configuration and rules. SANS's internal investigation of the incident showed that the company's email configuration and rules werechanged, allowing the forwarding of emails to an external email address. The change of the email forwarding configuration and rules allowed the forwarding of 513 emails to a suspicious external email address. Approximately 28,000 records of personally identifiable information were forwarded to a suspicious external email address, SANS said in its Data Incident 2020 report. The information sent to the suspicious external email address includesemail address, work title, first name and last name, work phone, company name, industry, address and country of residence. How the Consent Phishing Attack Unfolded?In its Data Incident 2020 – Indicators of Compromise, SANS Institute reported that on July 24, 2020, several of its employees received an email with the subject “Copy of sans July Bonus 24JUL2020.xls”. The recipients of the email were enticed to click on the “Open” button to read the purported "Bonus" document in the Enabler4Excel 365 format – the new version of the popular Enabler4Excel add-in built to work on Microsoft Excel 2016 or higher and Microsoft Excel Online. Clicking on the Open button, however, initiates the installation of a malicious Microsoft 365 app. Once installed, the malicious app changes the affected email’s forwarding rule and forwarding emails with the following keywords to an external email address: Bank, bic, capital call, cash, Contribution, dividend, fund, iban, Payment, purchase, shares, swift, transfer, Wire and wiring info. According to SANS Institute, only one employee's email account was impacted in the consent phishing attack. Consent Phishing: An Application-Based ThreatConsent phishing is an application-based threat in which an attacker seeks the target's permission for an attacker-controlled app to access valuable data stored in a cloud service. In the blog post "Protecting your remote workforce from application-based attacks like consent phishing", Agnieszka Girling, Partner Group PM Manager at Microsoft said that consent phishing is another threat vector that organizations must be aware of. Girling said that consent phishing typically follows the following steps: First, an attacker registers a malicious app with an OAuth 2.0 provider, such as Azure Active Directory. OAuth 2.0 is an industry-standard protocol for authorization, granting users of websites or applications access to other websites without the need of passwords. Second, the malicious app is designed in such as a way that makes it seem trustworthy, such as using the name of a popular product used in the same IT environment. Third, the attacker presents a link in front of the target via conventional email-based phishing, by compromising a legitimate website, or other techniques. Fourth, the target clicks the link and is shown an authentic-looking consent button asking the target to grant the malicious app permission to access data in a particular cloud service. Fifth, once the target clicks on the consent button, the malicious app is then granted access to sensitive data stored in a cloud service such as Microsoft 365. The consent button is so powerful as it unwitting grants the attacker access to the target's Microsoft 365 account contents, including email, forwarding rules, files, contacts, profile and materials stored in the target's OneDrive cloud storage space and corporate SharePoint document management and storage system. Cybersecurity Best Practices Against Consent PhishingOn the part of Microsoft, the company said that it filed legal actions against criminals who deployed consent phishing designed to compromise Microsoft customer accounts. The company said its Digital Crimes Unit (DCU) first observed in December 2019 cybercriminals deploying consent phishing calling it “a sophisticated, new phishing scheme”. Here are some cybersecurity best practices in order to prevent or mitigate the effects of consent phishing:
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AuthorSteve E. Driz, I.S.P., ITCP 
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